30 Facts about J.R.R. Tolkien

Merton College. Tolkien was professor of English Language and Lit at Merton from 1945-59

1. The Tolkien name was derived from German. Tolkien (who was fascinated with languages said the  surname came from the German word tollkühn, meaning "foolhardy"
2. Tolkien was born in Orange Free State, South Africa, but moved to England aged three.
3. When he was a baby, the young Tolkien was kidnapped for a day, by a house boy, who was captivated by the baby.
4. Tolkien became a Catholic in 1900, this caused a family rift with his Baptist relatives.
5. Tolkien remained a Catholic throughout his life. C.S.Lewis credits Tolkien with his decision to become a Christian in the 1930s.
6. From his early teens, Tolkien invented several languages. Quenya became an important aspect of his middle earth Legendarium. In a letter published in Observer, 1981, Tolkien wrote: The stories were made rather to provide a world for the languages than the reverse. To me name comes first and the story follows.'
7. Aged 16, he met his future wife Edith. But, his guardian Father Francis Morgan prohibited Tolkien seeing her until Tolkien came of age, aged 21. 
8. As a young student at Exeter College, Oxford University, he spent his first few years often getting into debt trying to keep up with richer students, who had more disposable income. Tolkien admits he had a great love of beer and talking into the early hours of the morning.
9. Initially, Tolkien studied the classics but switched to English Literature when he found he could study Middle English.
10. Tolkien served as an officer in the Battle of the Somme.
    
    
11. Tolkien said his character of Sam Gamgee was based on the ordinary soldiers who he commanded and who faced so much hardship without rancour. 
12. The first work that Tolkien wrote was The Silmarillion; this wasn't published until after his death and was revised at different periods throughout his life.
13. In 1918, he got a job working on the Oxford English Dictionary, which had begun in 1879. 
14. Tolkien was saved from further fighting through developing trench fever. Though he later recalled that most of his friends died in the First World War.
15. Tolkien was a great lecturer. When giving lectures on Beowulf, he would often startle students by exclaiming in Anglo-Saxon and speaking in the manner of an old bar.
16. W.H.Auden later said, he thought the voice of Tolkien giving lectures, was the voice of Gandalf!
17. The Hobbit was written initially for his own children.
18. The first famous lines to the hobbit were written down on a blank, empty exam paper he was once marking. 'In a hole in the ground lived a hobbit"
19. When agents from Nazi Germany wished to translate the Hobbit into German, they sent a letter asking to prove he was 'Aryan'. Tolkien gave a scathing reply, saying amongst other things that he wished he had Jewish ancestors.   
20. Tolkien had a dislike for cars and spent most of his adult life relying on bicycles and trains. He had a particular love of the Oxfordshire countryside and was dismayed when it was covered with new roads.
21. When an American company published an authorised copy of 'Lord of the Rings' It became a best-seller. But, because Tolkien maintained a long correspondence with many fans, he helped to encourage people to boycott the pirated copy. This boycott proved successful and eventually, the company made a donation to Tolkien and dropped the edition. 
22. Tolkien left a significant body of work unpublished, which his son Christopher Tolkien later published. This included The Silmarillion, The History of Middle Earth and Unfinished Tales.
23. Initially, Tolkien only wanted The Lord of the Rings to be published alongside the Silmarillion, almost going to another publisher.
24. When Tolkien's son joined the army, he listed his father's occupation as 'Wizard!'
25. In one sense Tolkien was a typical conservative. He was highly critical of the Stalinist and Hitler regime's. But, he also had a strong libertarian streak and once said: 'My political opinions lean more and more to anarchy.'
26. Tolkien credited the works of William Morris as being a great inspiration. 
27. In 1999 Amazon.com customers voted Lord of the Rings as the most popular book of the Millenium
28. Tolkien was voted 94th on the list of Greatest Britons
29. One of his favourite sayings was: Never laugh at live dragons, Bilbo you fool!
30. He was buried at Wolvercote cemetery with his wife Edith. The description reads:

 Edith Mary Tolkien, Lúthien, 1889-1971 
John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, Beren, 1892-1973

Read More: J.R.R.Tolkien Biography

• Tolkien Quotes
• Why is the Lord of the Rings so popular?

Hate is Never Conquered by Hate

For hate is never conquered by hate.
Hate is conquered by love.
This is an eternal law.

- Lord Buddha

Buddha Biography 

Related

• Differences between Buddhism and Christianity

Photo: Tejvan Pettinger

Gretel Mahoney - Mrs Mahoney's Secret War

There are not too many books about life in Nazi Germany written from the perspective of an ordinary German.

Recent books such as 'Hitler's Willing Executioners' expressed the extent of collaboration between ordinary German citizens and the Nazi agenda.

Mrs Mahoney's Secret War is a fascinating glimpse into life in Nazi Germany -  from the perspective of a German who dislike the Nazi regime.

Gretel Mahoney's story is very readable and fascinating. You get a real feel for her character - not a saint or resistance hero - but someone who saw through the Fascist propaganda and was able to resist in small ways.

She tells of how she came to hate the Nazi Regime. Firstly her socialist grandfather was a principled and staunch critic of the Nazi's - even when the stormtroopers would come to terrorize the neighbourhood. Gretel then tells of how she saw the increased victimisation and persecution of her Jewish friends. For Gretel, Kristallnacht in 1938, was a painful realisation of the extent to which the Nazi's went to persecute the Jewish population of Germany. The loss of her Jewish friend Lydia was a key factor in cementing her hatred of the Nazi's.

Gretel comes across as both carefree and willful. She found it difficult to keep her mouth closed and often walked on a thin border of risking arrest.

A particularly interesting chapter was the occasion when the Bomb plot to Hitler played out. At first, there was real uncertainty about what had happened. To see everything from her perspective was quite interesting.

In the end, Gretel was arrested and placed in a camp, where she survived the war. After the war, she met a British officer, who was posted to Hamburg. They eventually got married and Gretel moved to England.

The book is an interesting insight into life in Nazi Germany - it shows the daily dilemma's faced by those living in Nazi Germany but opposed to the Nazi ideology. It is also an interesting insight into the personality of Gretel Mahoney - an unlikely hero, but someone who could see through the Nazi propaganda.


Mrs Mahoney's Secret War at Amazon.com Mrs Mahoney's Secret War at Amazon.co.uk

Suggest Someone Who Has Made A Difference

Suggest someone who has made a positive contribution to the world.

It can be in any field

• Arts
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• Humanitarian

They can be a nomination for:

• People who made a difference
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• Great Humanitarians

George Bernard Shaw Facts

"My speciality is being right when other people are wrong."

George Bernard Shaw - You Never Can Tell, Act IV

George Bernard Shaw was known for his wit, it even led to creation of a Shawism - witty phrase:

"My way of joking is to tell the truth. It's the funniest joke in the world."

- George Bernard Shaw

• George Bernard Shaw was an iconoclastic playwright, journalist, polemicist, scintillating public speaker, arts reviewer and campaigning socialist,
• Shaw actually hated the George in his name, and used just Bernard Shaw

• With Sidney and Beatrice Webb, and Graham Wallas, George Bernard Shaw was a co-founder of the London School of Economics.
• George Bernard Shaw was a leading member of the Fabian society (a, along with luminaries such as Annie Besant and the Webbs

George Bernard Shaw was

• A committed vegetarian
• A socialist
• Opponent of First World War
• Supported belief in Eugenics.
  


• Despite nearly dieing from smallpox, Shaw joined a public campaign in opposition to vaccination against smallpox.
• Shaw helped T.E. Lawrence, with his book the Seven Pillars of Wisdom
• Shaw was a keen amateur photographer.
• He is the only person to have been awarded both a Nobel Prize for Literature (1925) and an Oscar (1938) for work on transcribing Pygmalion (adaption of his play of the same name).
• He married but it was never consummated and he had no children
• When George Orwell asked George Bernard Shaw for permission to quote from one of his works in a BBC interview for the 'Voice', magazine programme, to be broadcast by the Indian Service Shaw responded with the terse refusal "I veto it ruthlessly".
• In George Orwell's Animal Farm, Mr. Whymper a man hired by Napoleon to represent Animal Farm in human society, is loosely based on George Bernard Shaw who visited the U.S.S.R. in 1931 and praised Stalin and what he found.
• George Bernard Shaw rejected many honours during his lifetime. He only accepted the Nobel Prize at the behest of his wife who thought it would bring honour to Ireland.
• Shaw was a strident critic of contemporary education. in his Treatise on Parents and Children he considered the curriculum useless.
• George Bernard Shaw had no particular religion, but was receptive to a range of religious views: "(my) religious convictions and scientific views cannot at present be more specifically defined than as those of a believer in creative revolution."

He spoke warmly of religions such as Hinduism.

"The apparent multiplicity of Gods is bewildering at the first glance; but you presently discover that they are all the same one God in different aspects and functions and even sexes. There is always one uttermost God who defies personification."

George Bernard Shaw and Churchill

George Bernard Shaw telegrammed Winston Churchill just prior to the opening of Major Barbara: "Have reserved two tickets for first night. Come and bring a friend if you have one."

Churchill wired back, "Impossible to come to first night. Will come to second night, if you have one."

• Quotes by Bernard Shaw
• Biography Bernard Shaw

Facts about Wilfred Owen

• Wilfred Owen (18 March 1893 – 4 November 1918) is best known as one of the most powerful war poets, who depicted the reality and horrors of the First World War.
• He was born in Oswestry, Shropshire, England - where there is now a memorial to him.
• Owen was influenced by the great romantic poets of Keats, Byron, Shelly, Coleridge and Wordsworth.
• When war broke out, Owen was teaching in France. He even considered joining the French army but joined the British army in 1915.
• Owen's first experience of the war was in hospitals treating the wounded soldiers - often without anaesthetic.
• Wilfred Owen was invalided out of the army in 1916 suffering from shell shock.
• Recuperating in an Edinburgh hospital, Wilfred Owen became close friends with poet Siegfried Sassoon. Sassoon played a key role in encouraging the young war poet.
• When Owen returned to the front in 1918, he hid the fact from his friend Siegfried Sassoon, who didn't want him to return.
• His poem 'Anthem for Doomed Youth' is one of the best-known war poems of all time.

What passing-bells for these who die as cattle?
Only the monstrous anger of the guns.
Only the stuttering rifles' rapid rattle
Can patter out their hasty orisons.

• In his preface to his collection of war poetry, Owen writes this fitting analogy:

'My subject is War, and the pity of War. The Poetry is in the pity.'

• His famous poem "Dulce et Decorum est" takes its first line from a poem of Horace.

Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori  translates at: "It is sweet and right to die for your country."

Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots
Of tired, outstripped  Five-Nines  that dropped behind.
Gas! Gas! Quick, boys! – An ecstasy of fumbling,
....

To children ardent for some desperate glory,
The old Lie; Dulce et Decorum est
Pro patria mori.

• Owen's poetry was influenced by his friend Siegfried Sasson, in particular, the use of satire and sarcasm in his poetry. For example, "The ecstasy of fumbling' for gas masks is turning the use of the word ecstasy on its head.
• Wilfred Owen was killed in battle during the last month of the war - November 1918. He died exactly one week (almost to the hour) before the signing of the Armistice which ended the war.
• His parents received a telegram on Armistice day 1918, as the bells were ringing in celebration at the end of the war.
• After his death, he was awarded the Military Cross. Owen wanted this medal to make his anti-war poetry appear even stronger.
• Wilfred Owen is buried between two privates in the corner of a village cemetery at Ors. His grave is marked with a simple cross and gravestone. 
• His life and relationship with Siegfried Sassoon is the subject of Pat Barker's 1991 historical novel Regeneration
• More on Wilfred Owen at Biography of Wilfred Owen
  

Related

• War Poets
• People of First World War
• Heroes of First World War

photo: by huwowenthomas - Flickr cc

Heroes of First World War

Amidst the slaughter of the First World War, countless people displayed acts of great courage and bravery. Many of these actions were lost in the turmoil of the trenches. These people stand as a representation of the human spirit in the most testing of circumstances

Nurse Edith Cavell. Edith Cavell was working as a nurse in Brussels, Belgium, when the Germans invaded and occupied in 1914. With the help of others, she aided many British servicemen to safety. For helping British servicemen to escape she was executed by the German occupying army. Before her execution, amongst her last recorded words were. 'Patriotism is not enough, I must have no hatred or bitterness to anyone." - Nurse Edith Cavell

Wilfred Owen. Wilfred Owen was decorated with the military cross for bravery in action. However, he is best remembered as one of the greatest war poets. His poems poignantly reflected the paradox between hope and reality of the war.

Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots
Of tired, outstripped Five-Nines that dropped behind.
Gas! Gas! Quick, boys! – An ecstasy of fumbling,

- From Dulce et Decorum Est, Wilfred Owen

Wilfred Owen was killed by a bullet to the head, shortly before the armistice in November 1918.

Baron Manfred Von Richthofen. Widely known as the 'Red Baron' he was the top flying ace of the war, with over 80 credited kills. He became a great hero in his native Germany and was well known on the Allied side. Amongst airmen, there was a mutual respect and a certain code of honour was kept to. He died in April 1918, towards the end of the war.

T.E. Lawrence. 'Lawrence of Arabia' T.E.Lawrence was a British officer posted to the Middle East. Against great odds, he raised an Arab revolt against the Turkish army. With a small cache of arms, they harried the Turks; and in one of the most daring attacks of the war, took a small Arab army through the desert to surprise the Turks at Aqaba. Lawrence displayed great love for both Britain and his Arab allies who looked to him as a natural leader.

Woodrow Wilson. Perhaps the most idealistic person of the war. Wilson strived to keep America neutral, as he had a deep dislike for war. When Germany began unrestricted submarine warfare, and rumours of a German alliance with Mexico began, Wilson reluctantly took his country into war. Perhaps his biggest contribution was in trying to shape the peace. His 14 points sought to create a peace based on common principles of justice. He was also a proponent of a new association - The League of Nations, which he hoped would prevent future wars.

Siegfried Sassoon. A great war poet and fearless soldier. He was known for his reckless courage in the face of action. But, grew increasingly disenchanted with the horrors of trench warfare. He wrote a letter to the Times, criticising the conduct of the war. Coming from a celebrated poet and military hero, this was quite a shock.

David Lloyd George. In 1916, David Lloyd George took over from Asquith as Prime Minister of Great Britain. There were concerns that Asquith was not up to the task of being a war leader. With great enthusiasm and energy, Lloyd George reorganised British industry and put the country on a path to total war. He also played a pivotal role in persuading the Navy to adopt the convoy system. This convoy system was crucial in protecting Allied shipping against the devastating losses of the German U-Boat campaigns.

Marshall Petain. Petain was the hero of Verdun. In the bitter fighting of 1916, there was a real danger the Germans would break through at the fortress of Verdun. However, Petain rallied the embittered French army in a last-ditch defence, which ultimately held out. In 1917, the exhausted French army mutinied, fed up with a series of defeats and difficult conditions. Petain was made commander of the army and succeeded in restoring the morale and overcoming the mutiny.

Ataturk. The Turkish general who held off the allied attack at Gallipoli. If the Allies had broken through, Istanbul could easily have fallen. Turks fought with great spirit, and there existed a mutual respect amongst the competing armies - despite the dreadful scale of the slaughter.

John J. Pershing. Commander in Chief of the American army in France. Though criticised for being slow to release American troops to the war, he later achieved success in the final Allied advance of the war. Like Woodrow Wilson, he was highly critical of the Treaty of Versailles.

Related

• Famous people of the First World War
• Was the First World War justified?
• Tragedy of First World War
• Events that changed the world
• Heroes of World War Two

Britain's Finest Hour

Britain's finest hour came in the Second World War. In the summer and winter of 1940 Britain, alone, stood against Nazi Germany. In the preceding 15 months, the Nazi war machine had steam-rolled through Western Europe. First carving up Poland with the Soviet Union, and then capturing the low countries and spectacularly defeating France. In the summer of 1940, there were people in the British cabinet who thought Britain could not hold out alone, and the best thing was to sue for peace with Hitler, perhaps similar to Vichy France. However, Churchill stood firm against the likes of Lord Halifax saying there could be no compromise with Hitler. The outlook was certainly bleak, but, the inspirational speeches of Churchill helped firm up British resolve to keep fighting against the tyranny of Hitler's Germany.

Unexpectedly, 1941 and 1942, saw the tide of war change as Germany invaded Russia, and Japan bombed Pearl Harbour. This effectively brought Britain two much more powerful allies and after years of hard fighting, Germany was eventually, comprehensively and decisively beaten. The Thousand Year Reich was destroyed and the top leaders were mostly either killed, arrested or committed suicide at their own hands. It was only at the defeat of Nazi Germany that the true scale and horror of the Nazi state were fully revealed. Though, allied intelligence knew about the persecution of Jews, it was only pictures of concentration camps and the mass extermination of people that brought home the evils of a regime that had sought to conquer the whole of Europe, if not the world.

One irony of the Second World War is that though it was Britain's final hour, it came at a high cost. The war bankrupted Britain creating a national debt of nearly 200% of GDP (by end of 1940s).

The war was also a turning point, no longer would Britain have an Empire, soon countries which had been part of Britain's Empire were given their freedom, such as India in 1947.

From one perspective, Britain gained nothing and lost materially. But, in fighting the Nazi Empire, it was as if Britain learnt that ruling countries against their will was wrong. After fighting fascism in Europe, Britain could no longer morally hold out against other countries claim for self-determination.

By fighting Hitler's Germany, fascist tendencies in Britain were reduced. Before the war, Oswald Mosley's black shirts were a potential political force. The war changed all that. Before the war, Churchill despised the idea of giving India independence. After 1947, even Churchill gave up the pretence of trying to maintain an Empire.

The Second World War also had a profound impact on Britain's society. The war gave the ordinary working people greater expectations, they no longer wanted a return to the staid class ridden society complete with mass unemployment of the 1930s. In 1945, the British even voted against the Conservative war hero - Winston Churchill. Instead there was a Labour landslide and a manifesto for a National Health Service, a Welfare State and a socialist government.

Related

• Greatest Britons
• Famous British Quotes
  

Random Interesting Facts

French subway stations aren't usually used as parking places

• Coca Cola was invented by John Pemerton in 1886. It used to be made from coca leaves and could contain traces of cocaine (from 0.1% to 0.9% depending on where grown) Though it is no longer made with cocaine.
• The Guinness World Record for holding the most Guinness Records is set by Ashrita Furman. Ashrita has set - 303 - official Guinness Records since 1979 and currently holds - 121 (sept 2010)
• A googol is a large number. the digit 1 followed by one hundred zeros: 10,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000,­000.
• TYPEWRITER is the longest word that can be made using the letters only on one row of the keyboard.
• The most common name in the world is Mohammed.
• 111,111,111 x 111,111,111 = 12,345,678,987,654,321
• The 57 on Heinz ketchup bottles represents the number of varieties of pickles the company once had.
• There are more than 1,700 references to gems and precious stones in the King James translation of the Bible.
• The bagpipe was originally made from the whole skin of a dead sheep.
• No piece of normal-size paper can be folded in half more than 7 times.
• 2,520 can be divided by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 without having a fractional leftover
• It is unknown if odd perfect numbers exist
• A perfect number is a number whose divisors add up to itself such as 28: 1+2+4+7+14=28
• 5% of the world population lives in the US but 22% of the world's prisons population are held in the US.
• If you walk outside George Orwell's old house in London you are now captured on surveillance cameras 33 times.
• Approximately 105 million bicycles are made every year. This is double the number of motor cars made every year.
• In Chinese the words for 'crisis' and 'opportunity' are the same.
• The Netherlands has the highest rate of cycling with an average of 2.5 Km per day per person. In the US, this rate is 0.1 Km per person. In the UK 0.2Km (cycling facts)

• The Rhubarb Triangle is a small area in West Yorkshire between Wakefield, Morley and Rothwell. At one time, the 'Rhubarb triangle' produced 90% of the world's forced winter rhubarb. (Yorkshire Facts)
• Everything weighs one per cent less at the equator.
• The mosquito has killed more human beings than any other animal.
• Birmingham(UK) has 22 more miles of canals than Venice.
• 9 out of every 10 living thing lives in the ocean.
• Honey is the only food that does not spoil. Honey found in the tombs of Egyptian Pharoahs has been tasted by archaeologists and found edible.
• HThere have been over 2,00 known nuclear bomb explosions since World War Two.
• A snail's reproductive organs are in it's head.
• An adult giraffe´s kick is so powerful it can decapitate a lion.
• The largest toy distributor in the world is Mcdonalds.
• The shortest war in history was between Zanzibar and Britain in 1896.Zanzibar surrendered after 38 minutes.
• Each king in a pack of playing cards represents a great king from history: Spades-King David , Clubs-Alexander the Great ,Hearts-Charlemagne and Diamonds-Julius Caesar.

A random photo I took in Oxfordshire.

More bizarre facts try: Uncle John's Bathroom Reader Extraordinary Book of Facts: And Bizarre Information (Bathroom Readers)

Why We Love Character of Sherlock Holmes

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle always wished to be known as a great author of historical novels. He never warmed to his own creation - Sherlock Holmes - as much as the reading public who loved this eccentric detective.

What is it about Sherlock Holmes which makes him such a great Character?

Analysis of Sherlock Holmes Character

Great self-confidence

Sherlock Holmes has great confidence in his abilities and capacities. This confidence doesn't come across as egotistic and proud. It is a confidence based on his undoubted abilities in his chosen profession of detective work.

Humility

It is perhaps a paradox that someone with so much confidence and belief in his deductive powers can at the same times have a humble modest approach, which doesn't need the praise of the world. There are numerous times, when he is happy to play down his role and give more (or all the ) credit to the police. To Holmes, the satisfaction comes not from worldly and financial reward, but, the satisfaction of solving a crime mystery. He is a true believer in crime detection. His work is his greatest reward. When he throws himself into a crime it is with the best motives.

The Outsider.

We always admire someone just outside the orthodox establishment. Because Holmes is not a real policemen he can do things outside the law. He is willing to bend the law in order to get a bigger prize. It is hard to criticise this approach when he is so successful in getting the bigger prize. At least once a detective notes 'I could never get away with your approach'. It is Holmes willingness to place his own personal safety at risk which we admire.

True Friend

Holmes is not the emotional type given to expressing his emotions. In fact he works hard to display a cold exterior. But, underneath his approach, we know Holmes is a steadfast friend to his Beloved Watson. He is also loyal and willing to sacrifice everything for clients who come to him and he is willing to take on their case.

The Eccentric.

Holmes is no dedicated follower of fashion. He sets his own way of life and appears content with or without society's approval. He is the long tradition of the English eccentric with his own foibles, genius and eccentricity.

A Great Judge of Character.

It seems Holmes can weigh up a person's life, personality and character from the flimsiest of external evidence. But, often he is proved right.

By far the best media representation of Sherlock Holmes is Jeremy Brett in the ITV series. He captures the mood and character of Holmes to perfection and with a considerable degree of flair.

Napoleon Bonarparte Facts

• Napoleon Bonaparte 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 born in Corsica, France.
• In 1799, he staged a coup d'état amidst the turmoil of post revolutionary France and installed himself as First Consul.
• In 1804 he was proclaimed Emperor by French Senate
• In 1784, Napoleon was admitted to the elite École Militaire in Paris
• At one time he did to consider an application to the British Royal Navy to further his naval ambitions, but chose against it.
• Bonaparte was put under house arrest in August 1794 for his association with the Robespierre brothers.
• In October 1795 he helped defeat a Royalist insurrection, which caused him to rise rapidly to fame.
• By 1812, Napoleon had wiped out the last traces of the Holy Roman Empire and conquered most of Europe.
• However, his next invasion of Russia proved very costly as his army suffered in the harsh winter near Moscow.
• On 18 March 1814, the allies marched into Paris and Napoleon was forced to abdicate on 6 April 1814.
• Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba, but, a year later broke away with a 1,000 men and reclaimed the leadership of France.
• Napoleon was finally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo by the allied armies commanded by the Duke of Wellington.
• His second exile was to the island of Saint Helena, where he died six years later.

How Tall Was Napoleon?

• His autopsy states that by the French measure he was five foot two (5' 2"),This actually translates into five feet six and one half inches (5' 6.5")

• The Napoleonic code, which he introduced forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs go to the most qualified.
• Ludwig van Beethoven initially dedicated his third symphony, the Eroica (Italian for "heroic"), to Napoleon in the belief that the general would sustain the democratic and republican ideals of the French Revolution.
• But, after Napoleon's imperial ambitions became clear he renamed the symphony "Sinfonia Eroica, composta per festeggiare il Sovvenire di un grand'Uomo", or in English, "composed to celebrate the memory of a great man".